| 元首 | yuán shǒu | head of state |   |
| 国家主席 | guó jiā zhǔ xí | president (title of the head of state of China and several other nations) | |
| 国家元首 | guó jiā yuán shǒu | head of state | |
| 国宾 | guó bīn | state visitor / visiting head of state | |
| 佛朗哥 | Fó lǎng gē | Franco (name) / Generalissimo Francisco Franco Bahamonde (1892-1975), Spanish dictator and head of state 1939-1975 | |
| 金永南 | Jīn Yǒng nán | Kim Yong-nam (1928-), North Korean politician, foreign minister 1983-1998, president of the Supreme People's Assembly 1998-2019 (nominal head of state and described as deputy leader) | |
| 政府首脑 | zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo | head of state / government leader | |
| 穆罕默德·欧玛 | | Mullah Mohammad Omar (1959-), Taliban leader, Afghan head of state 1996-2001 | |
| 穆罕默德・欧玛 | Mù hǎn mò dé · Oū mǎ | Mullah Mohammad Omar (1959-), Taliban leader, Afghan head of state 1996-2001 | |
| 穆罕默德·欧玛 | Mù hǎn mò dé · Oū mǎ | Mullah Mohammad Omar (c. 1960-2013), Taliban leader, Afghan head of state 1996-2001 | |
